GENERAL LINGUISTIC Unit III
GENERAL LINGUISTIC
Unit III
Linguistic subsystem: all languages constitute systems
that, in turn, are organized into subsystems, which are often called linguistic
planes: phonic, grammatical or morphosyntactic and lexico-semantic. We will
describe them briefly, delimiting the units that the linguistic analysis finds
in each of them. This phonic expression is articulated in turn in distinctive
and successive units, the phonemes, in number determined in each language, whose
nature and mutual relations also differ from one language to another. The
phonic plane is that of the sounds, understanding by this the material
realization of the abstract entities that are the phonemes. These have, as has
been said, a distinctive character: the presence of a phoneme places us before
different signs (/ boat /, / marco /, /parco/). There are about 3,000
languages. The number is difficult to establish because, on the one hand, it is
not always possible to delimit languages and dialects.
phonology is accepted as a branch of
linguistics whose exponents have as object of study the phonic elements, taking
into account their distinctive and functional value. Just as phonics deals with
the analysis of the acoustic and physiological profile of sounds, phonology is
responsible for interpreting the way in which sounds arise at an abstract or
mental level.
Among the main phonetic features that are taken
into account to distinguish phonemes are their consonanticity, their
syllabicity, their sonoranticidad, their sonority and aspiration, their way of
articulation and their point or place of articulation. The most used system is
the one that is backed by the International Association of Phonetics (AFI), an
entity that in 1886 brought to light an International Phonetic Alphabet for the
standardization of graphic symbols used to establish the pronunciation of any
language dominated by man. This alphabet contemplates a basic flow of signs,
which are complemented by diacritical type signs that enable a large number of
possible combinations and allow the representation of a considerable amount of
articulatory subtleties.
Syntactic: With the enrichment lexical,
syntactic, semantic, hermeneutic and pragmatic, that allow us to achieve the
images, writing or reading, both informative and literary, will result in
greater clarity for the student, since the iconic language made them understand
objectively the functional structures on which they settle. Literary
information will be the way to it, towards the clarification of certain doubts
about the epochs, the style, the syntactic aspect. In this way it is tried,
little by little, to achieve a grammatical, syntactic-morphological,
orthographic and prosodic awareness in the pupils, to enable them to organize
their linguistic discoveries by means of a precise systematization and
contribute to this, to better understand them to explain, in the construction
of their texts, the organization of their structural and creative
constructions,
Semantics: It is a part of the grammar that is
responsible for studying the combination and order of words in sentences.
Describes language structure, and includes rules for combining words in
sentence formation. The importance of syntax in communication is based on
guiding the proper construction of sentences, resulting in a coherent oral
expression. the networks of meanings that give flexibility and nuances in what
is communicated through the interrelationship of a morphological system and a
syntactic one. All aspects of adequacy and cohesion and especially the
expression of subjectivity (opinion, valuation, certainty, inclusion of
quotations) and expressive variations of the dejis (trust formulas, courtesy)
will be evaluated; the construction of simple and complex sentences with
different semantic and syntactic schemes; the connection procedures and, in
particular, the connectors of cause, consequence, condition and hypothesis;
internal reference mechanisms; the different procedures for composing
statements with cohesive style (alternative between sentences and nominal
constructions, between juxtaposition, coordination and subordination).
Recognition of the semantic and syntactic schemes of the sentence, construction
and transformation of statements according to these schemes and use of the necessary
syntactic terminology in the activities: statement, sentence and sentence;
subject and predicate; nominal predicate and verbal predicate; subject, verb
and complements; agent, cause and patient; impersonal prayer; active prayer and
passive prayer; transitive and intransitive prayer; direct, indirect, regime,
circumstantial, agent and attribute complement; substantive, adjective and
adverbial subordinate clauses.
Language units of analysis; Significant units are not
structural. This means that they represent different parts of the grammar:
Functional units: Significant nonstructural
units that play a communicative role, such as subject, predicate or complement.
Set of grammatical rules of a determined language of which an individual is
used to produce verbal messages. It studies the phoneme, which is the unit
devoid of meaning; and to the syllable, which is the productive unit.
Elements resulting from a linguistic analysis
will be recognized as linguistic units only if they comply with the following
rule: each unit can be identified in a higher unit, that is, [m] can be
recognized as a phoneme, provided it is a constituent of the morpheme, which is
the linguistic unit in the highest immediate hierarchy. It is possible to
observe that of the phoneme is passed to the level of the sign or
representative unit with meaning. Signs can be divided into two types: free
(words) or those that appear together (morphemes). In the case of words, these
are units that, in turn, are included in the sentences. The phrase can not be
considered as a linguistic unit. "When the linguist tries, on his part, to
recognize the levels of analysis, he makes an inverse path, starting from the
elementary units, until he fixes the last level in the sentence. It is in
discourse updated in sentences, where the language is formed and configured.
That's where the language begins. Classically the recognized linguistic
analysis levels were 3: phonic (phonetic and phonological), grammatical
(morphological and syntactic) and lexical (semantic); but in 1969 the text
emerged as a linguistic unit, as well as a unit of linguistic analysis superior
to the sentence: the textual (discursive) level.
THE LEVELS OF
THE LANGUAGE
Phonetic Level: They are the mental image of
sound, which constitute a set of distinctive features capable of
differentiating words thanks to the relations of opposition that establish with
each other: /c/-/a/-/s/-/a/.no of the vocal cords. There is no correspondence
between phonemes and letters. A yes, for example, to the phoneme / b / le
correspond the letters "and" v "; the letter "h" does
not correspond to any phoneme and the letter "x" corresponds to two
phonemes / ks /.
Morphological level: they are divided in
lexemas, that contribute lexical meaning, and morphemes, that contribute
grammatical meaning. Within these there are free (if they make up a single
word, for example the determinants) and locked, when they form a word. In turn,
within these, we have prefixes (if they go in front of the lexeme), its fixed
and of silences.
The Lexical - Semantic Level: Its objective is
the words, as independent units with meaning. His study belongs to Semantics.
Related to it is Lexicography, which is in charge of the process of writing
dictionaries. The unity of Semantics are the semes or semantic features of
words.
The Syntactic Level: The syntactic unit is the
syntagma, that is, the word or set of words that has a certain syntactic
function in the sentence (subject, attribute, direct complement, indirect
complement, its complement, etc.).
The Discursive Level: Its units are the
utterance (set of words that the speaker uses to reach a complete communicative
objective) and the text (maximum unit and communication, formed by one or
several utterances and with complete meaning) understood from the point of view
of Pragmatics, that is, in real situations of communication in which one has to
take into account the significance of other agents of the context such as
silences, situation, agents, knowledge of the code, etc.
DESCRIPTION is the action and effect of
describing (representing someone or something through language, defining
something giving a general idea, delineate, figure). The description provides
information about someone or something, with different degrees of detail
possible. It can be said that the description is a representation of something
or someone through the word and that it includes an orderly and detailed
explanation of different qualities and circumstances. It is important to keep
in mind that any description is inevitably subjective as it is responsible for
representing through partial (or written) language partial aspects of how a
person observes and interprets reality. The point of view of the one who
describes, their needs and their knowledge AND some of the many factors that
influence the outcome.
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